واکاوی علل مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی از منظر کارکردهای آموزش عالی در ایران: مرور نظام‌مند (1381-1401)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته مدیریت آموزش عالی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 استاد دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف: با توجه به روند رو به افزایش مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی و عدم بازگشت بسیاری از آنان به کشور در سال‌های اخیر، هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی از منظر کارکردهای نظام آموزش‌عالی در ایران می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی، از نظر گرداوری یافته‌ها کیفی و با استفاده از مطالعه اسنادی و شیوه مرور نظام‌مند انجام شد. بر این اساس، مقالات علمی-پژوهشی چاپ شده در ایران (1381-1401) در پایگاه‌های علمی-پژوهشی داخلی شامل نورمگز، مگیران و پایگاه داده‌های علوم انسانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس براساس ملاک‌هایی از جمله ارتباط مقالات با موضوع اصلی پژوهش، تمرکز پژوهش‌ها بر نخبگان دانشگاهی، توجه به مؤلفه‌های مرتبط بر کارکردهای آموزش‌عالی به‌عنوان عامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی، علمی-پژوهشی بودن مقالات و بازه زمانی مشخص، از میان 944 پژوهش، نهایتاً 34 مقاله از طریق بررسی عنوان، چکیده و محتوا انتخاب شده و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. اﻋﺘﺒﺎر یافته‌های ﮐﯿﻔﯽ با استفاده از روش همسوسازی و نیز نظرخواهی از خبرگان مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از مرور نظام‌مند منجر به شناسایی دو خوشه‌ی مقوله‌ای عوامل فشار داخلی و عوامل کشش خارجی شامل 11مؤلفه و 34 مفهوم شد.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به سؤالی اصلی پژوهش حاضر مبنی بر شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی در ایران از منظر کارکردهای آموزش‌عالی و مرور تحقیقات انجام شده در بیست سال گذشته (1401-1381)، مجموعاً 11 مؤلفه شامل 6 مؤلفه در خوشه‌ی مقوله‌ای عوامل فشار (کیفیت ناکافی کارکر آموزش؛ کیفیت ناکافی زیست‌بوم پژوهش؛کارامدی ناکافی نظام نوآوری؛ کارامدی ناکافی نظام حکمرانی آموزش؛ مشکلات و موانع جذب و نگهداری نخبگان دانشگاهی؛ فرهنگ و جو آکادمیک نامناسب) و 5 مؤلفه در خوشه‌ی مقوله‌ای عوامل کشش (کیفیت مطلوب نظام آموزش؛ کیفیت مطلوب پژوهش؛ وجود فرهنگ و جو آکادمیک مناسب؛ نظام کارامد نگهداشت و توسعه شغلی اعضای هیأت علمی و ارتباط پویای دانشگاه و جامعه) احصاء شد. بر این اساس، اگرچه دلایل ارائه شده برای تحرکات و جابجائی‌های نخبگان بسیار متنوع و متعدد است، اما در کنار عوامل اقتصادی، سیاسی و اجتماعی نیز یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل دافعه که منجر به مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی در کشورهای در حال توسعه از جمله ایران می‌شود، دستیابی به آموزش‌ عالی با کیفیت از ابعاد گوناگون است. در نتیجه برای مواجهه با پدیده‌ از جمله ایران می‌شود، دستیابی به آموزش‌ عالی با کیفیت از ابعاد گوناگون است. در نتیجه برای مواجهه با پدیده‌ مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی در ایران به‌عنوان پدیده‌ای اجتناب‌ناپذیر و روندی جهانی، سیاست‌گذاران و مسئولان به‌ویژه در حوزه آموزش‌ عالی باید علاوه بر تلاش جهت رفع و کاهش عوامل فشار داخلی و ارتقای سطح کیفیت آموزش‌ عالی در داخل کشور جهت حفظ و نگهداشت نخبگان و نیز تلاش برای بازگشت مهاجران، بر راهبردهایی جهت بهره‌مندی بیشتر از ظرفیت نخبگان خارج از کشور در قالب چرخش نخبگان متمرکز شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the Reasons of the Migration of Academic Elites from the Perspective of the Functions of Higher Education in Iran: Using a Systematic Review (2002-2022)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoumeh Cham Asemani 1
  • Fatemeh Narengi Thani 2
  • Seyed Mohammad Mirkamali 3
  • Mohamad Mehdi Zolfagharzadeh 4
1 Ph.D. Student in Higher Education Administration, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Educational Administration, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Educational Planning and Administration, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objectives: In light of the growing trend of intellectual migration and the lack of return of many elites to Iran in recent years, this research aims to identify the factors affecting the migration of academic elites, this study aims to identify the factors contributing to the migration of academic elites from the viewpoint of the functions of the higher education system in Iran.
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted with a practical purpose, utilizing a qualitative data collection approach and conducting a systematic literature review. This systematic review focused on scientific research articles published in Iran between 2002 and 2022, which were gathered from domestic scientific research databases, including Normags, Magiran, and the Humanities database. Based on specific criteria, such as relevance to the research topic, focus on university elites, consideration of higher education system factors influencing academic elites' migration, the scientific-research nature of the articles, and a specific timeframe, 34 articles were selected from 944 studies through a thorough review of titles, abstracts, and content and were then analyzed. The credibility of the qualitative findings was confirmed through the triangulation method and expert consultation. The results of the systematic review led to the identification of two clustered categories, including push and pull factors, and 34 concepts in the form of 11 components. 
-interaction matrix questionnaire and analyzed through cross-impact matrix multiplication Discussion and Conclusion: This research investigates the factors that influence the migration of university elites in Iran from the perspective of higher education's functions. A review of research conducted over the past two decades (2002-2022) identified 11 distinct factors, including six push factors (insufficient educational quality, inadequate research ecosystem quality, insufficient innovation system efficiency, inadequate education governance system efficiency, challenges and obstacles in attracting and retaining university elites, and an unsuitable academic culture and atmosphere) and five pull factors (educational system quality, research quality, the presence of academic culture and atmosphere, an efficient faculty retention and professional development system, and dynamic interaction between the university and society). Based on this, while the motivations for elite movements and migrations are multifaceted and numerous, in addition to economic, political, and social factors, one of the most significant factors driving the migration of university elites in developing nations is access to high-quality education in various dimensions. As a result, Iranian policymakers and officials, particularly those in the higher education sector, must not only strive to address push factors within the country and enhance the quality of higher education to retain elites but also prioritize strategies for repatriating them as a national strategy. These strategies have propelled the development of regular return programs with the objective of "reversing the brain drain" in recent years, policymakers and officials should concentrate on strategies to harness the potential of elite migrants residing beyond the nation's borders through the mechanism of elite circulation. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Brain Draian
  • Academic elites
  • intellectual Migration
  • Higher Education
  • Push and Pull Factores
 
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