واکاوی علل مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی از منظر کارکردهای آموزش عالی در ایران: مرور نظام‌مند (1381-1401)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته مدیریت آموزش عالی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 استاد گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار گروه خط مشی و اداره امور عمومی، دانشکده مدیریت دولتی و علوم سازمانی، دانشکدگان مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف: با توجه به روند رو به افزایش مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی و عدم بازگشت بسیاری از آنان به کشور در سال‌های اخیر، هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی از منظر کارکردهای نظام آموزش‌عالی در ایران می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی، از نظر گرداوری یافته‌ها کیفی و با استفاده از مطالعه اسنادی و شیوه مرور نظام‌مند انجام شد. بر این اساس، مقالات علمی-پژوهشی چاپ شده در ایران (1381-1401) در پایگاه‌های علمی-پژوهشی داخلی شامل نورمگز، مگیران و پایگاه داده‌های علوم انسانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس براساس ملاک‌هایی از جمله ارتباط مقالات با موضوع اصلی پژوهش، تمرکز پژوهش‌ها بر نخبگان دانشگاهی، توجه به مؤلفه‌های مرتبط با کارکردهای آموزش‌عالی به‌عنوان عامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی، علمی-پژوهشی بودن مقالات و بازه زمانی مشخص، از میان 944 پژوهش، نهایتاً 34 مقاله از طریق بررسی عنوان، چکیده و محتوا انتخاب شده و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. اﻋﺘﺒﺎر یافته‌های ﮐﯿﻔﯽ با استفاده از روش همسوسازی، اصول لینکلن و گوبا و راهبردهای کرسول مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از مرور نظام‌مند منجر به شناسایی دو خوشه‌ی مقوله‌ای عوامل فشار داخلی و عوامل کشش خارجی شامل 11مؤلفه و 34 مفهوم شد.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به سؤالی اصلی پژوهش حاضر مبنی بر شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی در ایران از منظر کارکردهای آموزش‌عالی و مرور تحقیقات انجام شده در بیست سال گذشته (1401-1381)، مجموعاً 11 مؤلفه شامل 6 مؤلفه در خوشه‌ی مقوله‌ای عوامل فشار (کیفیت ناکافی کارکرد آموزش؛ کیفیت ناکافی زیست‌بوم پژوهش؛کارامدی ناکافی نظام نوآوری؛ کارامدی ناکافی نظام حکمرانی آموزش؛ مشکلات و موانع جذب و نگهداری نخبگان دانشگاهی؛ فرهنگ و جو آکادمیک نامناسب) و 5 مؤلفه در خوشه‌ی مقوله‌ای عوامل کشش (کیفیت مطلوب نظام آموزش؛ کیفیت مطلوب پژوهش؛ وجود فرهنگ و جو آکادمیک مناسب؛ نظام کارامد نگهداشت و توسعه شغلی اعضای هیأت علمی و ارتباط پویای دانشگاه و جامعه) احصاء شد. بر این اساس، اگرچه دلایل ارائه شده برای تحرکات و جابجائی‌های نخبگان بسیار متنوع و متعدد است، اما در کنار عوامل اقتصادی، سیاسی و اجتماعی نیز یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل دافعه که منجر به مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی در کشورهای در حال توسعه از جمله ایران می‌شود، دستیابی به آموزش‌ عالی با کیفیت از ابعاد گوناگون است. در نتیجه برای مواجهه با پدیده‌ مهاجرت نخبگان دانشگاهی در ایران به‌عنوان پدیده‌ای اجتناب‌ناپذیر و روندی جهانی، سیاست‌گذاران و مسئولان به‌ویژه در حوزه آموزش‌ عالی باید علاوه بر تلاش جهت رفع و کاهش عوامل فشار داخلی و ارتقای سطح کیفیت آموزش‌ عالی در داخل کشور جهت حفظ و نگهداشت نخبگان و نیز تلاش برای بازگشت مهاجران، بر راهبردهایی جهت بهره‌مندی بیشتر از ظرفیت نخبگان خارج از کشور در قالب چرخش نخبگان متمرکز شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the Reasons of the Migration of Academic Elites from the Perspective of the Functions of Higher Education in Iran: Using a Systematic Review (2002-2022)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoumeh Cham Asemani 1
  • Fatemeh Narengi Thani 2
  • Seyed Mohammad Mirkamali 3
  • Mohamad Mehdi Zolfagharzadeh 4
1 Ph.D. Student in Higher Education Administration, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Educational Planning and Administration, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Educational Planning and Administration, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Policy and Public Affairs, Faculty of Public Administration and Organizational Sciences, College of Managemen, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objectives: Considering the increasing trend of the migration of academic elites and the failure of many of them to return to the country in recent years, the aim of the present study is to identify the factors affecting the migration of academic elites from the perspective of the functions of the higher education system in Iran.
Materials and Methods: The research, in terms of purpose, is applied, and in terms of data collection, is qualitative, using documentary study and systematic review methods. Accordingly, scientific-research articles published in Iran (2002-2022) in domestic scientific-research databases including Noormags, Magiran, and the Humanities Database were reviewed. Then, based on criteria such as the relevance of the articles to the main research topic, the focus of the research on academic elites, attention to the components related to the functions of higher education as a factor affecting the migration of academic elites, being scientific-research articles, and a specific time frame, 34 articles were selected from among 944 studies through examining the title, abstract, and content, and fanally were analyzed. The credibility of the qualitative findings was confirmed using the method of triangulation, as well az the principles of Lincoln and Guba and Creswell's strategies.The results of the systematic review led to the identification of two categorical clusters of "internal push factors" and "external pull factors" including 11 components and 34 concepts. 
Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding the main research question of identifying the factors affecting the migration of academic elites in Iran from the perspective of the functions of higher education and reviewing the research conducted in the past twenty years (2002-2022), a total of 11 components were identified, including 6 components in the category of push factors (insufficient quality of educational functions; insufficient quality of the research ecosystem; inadequate efficiency of the innovation system; inadequate efficiency of the research ecosystem; inadequate efficiency of the innovation system; inadequate efficiency of the education governance system; problems and obstacles in attracting and retaining academic elites; inappropriate academic culture and climate) and 5 components in the category of pull factors (desirable quality of the education system; desirable quality of research; the existence of a suitable academic culture and climate; an efficient system of retaining and career development of faculty members; and the dynamic relationship between the university and society). Based on this, although the reasons given for the movements and displacements of elites are highly diverse and numerous, alongside economic, political, and social factors, one of the most important push factors leading to the migration of academic elites in developing countries, including Iran, is access to high-quality higher education from various dimensions. Consequently, in order to address the phenomenon of academic elite migration in Iran as an inevitable phenomenon and a global trend, policymakers and authorities, particularly in the field of higher education, should focus on strategies to better utilize the capacity of elites outside the country in the form of elite circulation, in addition to efforts to address and reduce internal pressure factors and improve the quality level of higher education within the country to retain and preserve elites, as well as efforts to facilitate the return of migrants. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Brain Drain
  • Academic Elites
  • Intellectual Migration
  • Higher Education
  • Push and Pull Factores

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