بررسی تأثیر خاستگاه اجتماعی و جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی بر پدیده تحصیلات فرانیاز در بین فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاهی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت آموزش عالی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

2 استاد، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

10.48308/mpes.2025.238698.1552

چکیده

هدف: خاستگاه اجتماعی افراد و جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی از عوامل مؤثر بر اشتغال فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاهی است. و دانشگاه‌ها می‌توانند کمک مؤثری به کارآفرینی و اشتغال دانشجویان متناسب با تحصیلات‌شان کنند. لذا مسئله‌محوری در این پژوهش پاسخگویی به این سوال است که چگونه خاستگاه اجتماعی خانواده و جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی بر نتایج بازار کار و احتمال تحصیل بیش از حد فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاهی تأثیر می‌گذارد؟
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر گردآوری داده‌ها، توصیفی و از نظر ماهیت داده‌ها از نوع کمی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاه ارومیه در مقطع کارشناسی در بین سال‌های 1390 تا 1400 بودند. حجم نمونه به تعداد 631 نفر به روش طبقه‌ای نسبی و به صورت تصادفی ساده از بین گروه‌های آموزشی انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات و به‌منظور سنجش متغیر "جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی" از پرسشنامه (کرایجنبرینک، 2010) و به‌منظور سنجش متغیر "عدم تطابق افقی" از پرسشنامه (چاوادی، 2022) استفاده شد. هم‌چنین سنجش متغیرهای "خاستگاه اجتماعی" و "عدم تطابق عمودی تحصیل-شغل" با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته انجام گرفت. که روایی محتوایی آن‌ها براساس نظر اساتید راهنما بررسی و تأیید شد. هم‌چنین پایایی ابزارها محاسبه و مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. با توجه به اینکه داده‌های مربوط به متغیرهای پژوهش نرمال نبودند، تجزیه ‌و تحلیل داده‌ها و بررسی روایی سازه ابزارهای پژوهش با روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SmartPLS3 و SPSS26 انجام گرفت.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن بود که خاستگاه اجتماعی تأثیر منفی و معناداری بر تحصیلات فرانیاز دارد (161/2=t، 01/0>P). این نتیجه همراستا با پژوهش‌های (ریزی، 2023)، (کاپسادا، 2024) و (باکرو و روسگا، 2020) می‌باشد. به عبارت دیگر افرادی که به طبقات و خاستگاه اجتماعی بالاتر تعلق دارند کمتر دچار مشکل تحصیلات فرانیاز می‌شوند. هم‌چنین نتایج پژوهش نشان داد جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی بر تحصیلات فرانیاز تأثیر مثبت و معنی داری دارد (328/6=t، 01/0>P). و بین جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی و تحصیلات فرانیاز عمودی، رابطه منفی و معنی داری وجود دارد (263/3=t، 01/0>P). و در نهایت بین جو حامی دانشگاه از کارآفرینی و تحصیلات فرانیاز افقی، رابطه مثبت و معنی‌داری وجود دارد (244/3=t، 01/0>P). در تبیین این نتایج می‌توان اذعان نمود حمایت‌های دانشگاه از کارآفرینی به‌منظور تقویت مهارت‌های کارآفرینی به فارغ‌التحصیلان اجازه می‌دهد در بازار کار انعطاف‌پذیر، حل‌کننده مشکل، نوآور و سازگار با موقعیت‌های جدید باشند و کمتر دچار مشکل تحصیلات فرانیاز شوند. این نتایج با نتایج سایر تحقیقات انجام گرفته در خصوص بررسی رابطه بین آموزش و فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه همسو بوده و نشان می‌دهد تحصیلات فرانیاز با موضوع کارآفرینی به‌طور مستقیم در ارتباط است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the effect of social origin and university support of entrepreneurship on over-education among university graduates

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seid Jamal Mirghasemi 1
  • Mohammad Hasani 2
  • Hasan Galavandi 2
1 Ph.D. Student in Higher Education Management, Department of Educational Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objectives: The social background of individuals and the university's supportive atmosphere of entrepreneurship are among the factors affecting the employment of university graduates. Universities can effectively help entrepreneurship and employment of students compatible with their education. Therefore, the central issue in this research is to answer the question of how the social origin of the family and the university's supportive atmosphere of entrepreneurship affect labor market outcomes and the likelihood of over-education of university graduates.
Materials and methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of data collection, and quantitative in terms of data nature. The statistical population of the research was the graduates of Urmia University at the undergraduate level between 2011 and 2021, of which 631 people were selected by Relative stratified random sampling method among main educational groups. To collect information and to measure the variable "university's supportive atmosphere for entrepreneurship", a questionnaire (Kriegenbrink, 2010) was used, and to measure the variable "horizontal mismatch", a questionnaire (Chavadi, 2022) was used. Also, the variables "social origin" and "vertical education-job mismatch" were measured using a researcher-made questionnaire. Their content validity was examined and confirmed based on the opinions of the supervisors. Also, the reliability of the instruments was calculated and confirmed. Data analysis and examination of the validity of the research instruments were carried out using the structural equation modeling method and using SmartPLS3 and SPSS26.
Discussion and conclusion: The social origin of individuals is an important factor in choosing the path of life in terms of educational and career choices. This factor affects the future position of the individual in the labor market and society. Families with a high social background are able to create a safety net that protects children from displacement and downward social mobility, regardless of their level of education. Also, support for entrepreneurship in universities is mainly based on supporting educational activities in the field of entrepreneurship. Stuies shows that entrepreneurship education programs increase the resilience of individuals and are therefore an attractive alternative to classical academic education. Education-Job Mismatch is an important issue in the labor market. It can exist in two forms: horizontal mismatch and vertical mismatch. Also, the social background of individuals indirectly creates habits such as enthusiastic study that increase their cultural load and facilitates the development of skills through higher quality education. In addition, having a higher social background causes individuals to present their specific social capabilities and characteristics to employers when entering the labor market and choosing a job, which are valuable when hiring personnel. Belonging to low social classes and the need to earn an income due to the inability to earn an income from the family environment can lead people to work during their studies. And given the possibility of running out of the low income that these people have, it may lead them to jobs that are not consistent with their level of education.
In order to examine the first hypothesis of the research, the size of the t statistic was obtained as 2.161. Considering that the t values ​​are greater than 1.96, therefore, the first hypothesis of the research that the effect of social origin on over-education was confirmed. This result is in line with the research of (Rizi, 2023), (Capsada, 2024) and (Bacquero and Rusga, 2020). These results indicate that social origin has a negative and significant effect on over-education. In other words, people who belong to higher social classes and origins are less likely to have over-education problems. To examine the second, third and fourth hypotheses of the study, the size of the t-statistic was obtained as 6.328, 3.263 and 3.244. Given that the t-values ​​were greater than 1.96, the second, third and fourth hypotheses of the study were confirmed. Therefore university support of entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect on over-education. And the effect of university support of entrepreneurship on the vertical and horizontal over-education was also confirmed.
According to the results, it can be said that the university's support for entrepreneurship in order to strengthen entrepreneurial skills allows graduates to be flexible, problem-solving, innovative and adaptable to new situations in the labor market and less likely to fall in over-education. These results are consistent with the results of other research conducted on the relationship between education and entrepreneurial activities and show that over-education is directly related to the issue of entrepreneurship. Therefore, graduates who have entrepreneurial skills will be better prepared to choose a job that is appropriate to their education and will be more alert to job opportunities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Education-Job Mismatch
  • Entrepreneurship
  • Graduate Employment
  • Social Origin

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